In 1851 the English historian and
jurist Sir Edward Shepherd Creasy published his “Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World”. A different outcome of
each of these battles would have resulted in a significantly different course
of world history, and as such they still influence the world we live in today.
As such they represent major “points of departure” for alternative histories.
Tours (Poitiers) 732: Charles Martel repels the Muslim invaders from Northern Europe |
Each chapter of Creasy’s book describes
a different battle. The fifteen battles chosen are:
- The Battle of Marathon, 490 BC: Persian
expansion into Europe halted
- Defeat
of the Athenians at Syracuse,
413 BC: The end of Athenian power
- The Battle of Gaugamela, 331 BC: Opened Asia
to Alexander’s armies
- The Battle of the Metaurus,
207 BC: Guaranteed Rome’s survival and triumph over Carthage
- Victory
of Arminius over the Roman Legions under Varus, AD 9: Ended Roman hopes of expansion into
Germany
- The Battle of Châlons, AD 451: Roman victory
over the Huns saved Western Europe’s Future
- The Battle of Tours,
AD 732: Stopped Moslem expansion into Northern Europe
- The Battle of Hastings, AD 1066:
Essential First step towards Britain as a World Power
- Joan of Arc's
Victory over the English at Orléans,
AD 1429; The end of English power in France
- Defeat
of the Spanish Armada, AD 1588: The
beginning of the end for Spain as a World Power
- The Battle of Blenheim, AD 1704:
Britain’s emergence as a Superpower
- The Battle of Pultowa, AD 1709: Russia’s
first step to Superpower status
- The
Battle of Saratoga, AD 1777: Secured the survival of the United
States
- The Battle of Valmy,
AD 1792: Ensures survival of French Revolutionary power and thinking
- The Battle of Waterloo, AD 1815: France never
again achieved Superpower status
Poltawa 1709: Russia's first step to superpower status |
It is notable that due to Creasy’s
focus on European (and North American) power, and because little was then known
in the West about Far Eastern history, no battles were listed which refer to
China’s consolidation and survival as an imperial power, the failed Mongol
invasions of Japan or to Japan’s failed bid for conquest of Korea in the 15th
and 16th centuries and the implications that had for subsequent Japanese
history. The Mameluk victory in 1260, over
the Mongols at Ain Jalut, in Galilee, which was critical in stemming Mongol
power, was also omitted. Taking these and other Asian battles into account
Creasy’s list might rightly have been extended to 20 or even 25 at the time he
wrote. There is also good reason that he should have included the 1836 Battleof San Jacinto, which led in due course to United States acquisition of a vast areal
percentage, and an economically vital one, of the modern nation.
Mongol horsemen - virtually unstoppable until defeated by the Mameluks at Ain Jalut, near Nazareth, 1260 |
Since that time various writers have added to
the list of post-1851 battles. Given the increasing pace and scale of conflicts
since then it is not inappropriate to add at least 10. As a starting point for
discussion and speculation, and with all due lack of modesty I’m suggesting the
10 post-1851 decisive battles as below:
1) Gettysburg
(and Vicksburg) 1863: though fought in separate theatres, but at almost exactly
the same time, these battles made the defeat of the Southern Confederacy
inevitable, not least by ending hopes of international recognition. A long
attritional grind lay ahead but Union victory was now inevitable.
2) Sedan1870:
Not only did Bismarck’s Germany crush France decisively, and usher in the new
German Empire, but it was absolute enough to ensure that the French would
ultimately settle for a peace that ceded Alsace and Lorraine, thereby planting
the seeds for WW1.
3) Manila (and
Santiago) 1898: Two naval victories half the globe apart that announced the
arrival of the United States as a world power and established a position in
Asia that would be critical in WW2.
4) Tsu Shima
1905: Japan’s victory over the huge Russian fleet was perhaps the most absolute
in naval history. It marked the arrival of Japan as a major power and
encouraged ambitions that would ultimately lead to WW2 in the Far East and the Pacific.
5) The Marne
1914: Decisive in the sense that Germany could not achieve the quick victory in
the west that it had built its strategy on. From this moment on Germany was on
the back foot in the West. The Western Allies bought time that would ultimately
lead to their defeat of Germany.
6) Warsaw 1920:
Bolshevik victory in the Russian Civil War was almost absolute when the Red
Army was launched westwards to carry revolution into Central Europe. The new
Polish state worked a miracle in defeating it. It saved Europe but at the cost
of stoking Russian resentment that would exact a terrible revenge in later
decades.
7) The Atlantic
1939-45: Though the struggle to secure Britain’s supply lines climaxed in 1943,
the fight went on from the first to the last day of WW2. Churchill described
the U-Boat menace as the thing that frightened him most – and with good reason.
Without victory in the Atlantic, no Allied victory in Western Europe.
8) Stalingrad
1942-43. The name says it all. No need to say more.
9) Saipan 1944:
I’ve identified the conquest of Saipan rather than the Battle of Midway as being
the decisive battle in the Pacific in WW2. My reasoning is that though Midway
was critical in weakening the Japanese Navy, the United States would still have
prevailed, though over a much longer time scale, if it had lost the battle.
Saipan was critical in identifying the type of war that had to be fought to
beat Japan, leading in due course to the decision to drop nuclear weapons, At
Saipan not only did the Japanese military fight to the death, but huge numbers
of civilians, including women who killed their own children, were prepared not
only to resist but to commit suicide rather than surrender. This was the first
US encounter with a Japanese civilian population and it highlighted just how
costly an invasion of the Japanese Home Islands would be. From this point on I
believe that use of nuclear weapons was unavoidable.
10) The Battle
That Never Was 1983-90: The US commitment to the Strategic Defense Initiative
(SDI – “Star Wars”), whether it was ever technically feasible or not at the
time, was believed to be feasible by the Soviets. Their military budgets were
already an unsustainable percentage of their total economy and the pressure to
compete with Star Wars was possibly the greatest single factor in bringing
about the ultimate collapse of the Soviet Union. Not a shot was fired and the
tyranny hundreds of millions had lived under for seven decades died not with a
bang but a whimper.
Warsaw 1920: The Miracle of the Vistula Poles advance past Marshal Pilsudski to achieve the impossible |
The reality of the six-year Battle of
the Atlantic
Burning tanker painted by Commander
Anton Otto Fischer, USCGR, February 1943
|
Britannia’s Shark by Antoine Vanner
Historic naval fiction moves on into the age of Fighting Steam. Click here for more details of this story of the birth of a new weapon, of savage repression and revolt by land, of survival at sea, and below it.
It's also interesting, that with all focus of such lists on European power, but including battles like Gaugamela and Pultowa, there aren't great Ottomans' battles - Nicopole 1396, Mohacs 1526 and Vienna 1682. I think these battles are very important for European history due to the significance of Ottoman question in 19th century and great role of Balkans in starting WWI or at 1990s. All of these latter didn't happen without Turkish victories at 1396 and 1526, and there could be other Central Europe without their defeat at 1682. And these battles were known at Creasy's time...
ReplyDeleteA very valid point - I'd also consider Manzikert in 1087. Having lived in Turkey (and not so far from Manzikert) I'm very conscious of how long the Cold (and frequently Hot) War was between the Ottomans and the West, including Russia,lasted. The problem (and the challenge) of making lists with a maximum number is prioritising. It's a great starting point for a lively discussion!
DeleteBoth the Battle and Seige of Vienna were important markers in European history as they stopped the Muslim advance into Europe. And of course the earlier Fall of Byzantium confirmed the end of the vestige of Roman rule anywhere. Well, in our timeline...
ReplyDeleteAgree fully - Lepanto halted Ottoman expansion in the Med and Vienna ended it in Central Europe. But the fall of Constantinople in 1453, thought traumatic, was teh natural and unavoidable consequence of Manzikert and the 4th Crusade in 1204 - one of the most criminal acts in history.
DeleteI would suggest that the Battle of Midway was still the decisive victory in the Pacific for the Allies, in that it destroyed the Japanese naval air arm. they were never able to recover from the loss of experienced pilots and air crew. It also allowed the Allies to sustain the campaign in the Solomon's that ultimately led to the defeat of Japan 3 years later. With regard SDI, I think it was Jimmy Carter and his endorsement of the Nimitz program, the Trident Submarine and missile, the B-2 Bomber and the cancellation of the B-1 that led to the fall of the Soviet empire. Further, it was the collective effort of Presidents from 1946 on that led to that downfall. Reagan just happened to be in office when it began.
ReplyDeleteGood points, especially as regards end of Cold War. However I tend to think that in the great sweep of history Midawy may have been a tactical rather than historically decisive victory. Even had the US last at Midawy and later battles) it would still have remained in the war and its will for Victory, coupled with industrial might, would have made the ultimate defeat of Japan inevitable. (Though the coast would have been even higher than it actually was). I've included Saipan in preference since I believe that insights from it made the use of nuclear weapons essential, and so ushered in a new age.
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